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Back in 2007, the debut of the Nissan R35 GT-R marked a substantial advancement for Nissan, building upon the esteemed legacy of its precursor, the Skyline GT-R models. This wasn’t merely a fresh addition to Nissan’s range; it was an innovative supercar that pushed the boundaries of both performance and technology, encapsulating the essence of superior Japanese engineering.
Serving as Nissan’s flagship performance vehicle, the R35 GT-R, famously dubbed “Godzilla,” seamlessly blended state-of-the-art technology with a daring, fierce design philosophy to challenge the finest sports cars across the globe.
Beneath the hood of the R35 GT-R resides a meticulously engineered 3.8-liter twin-turbo V6 powerplant, famously identified as the VR38DETT. This robust engine churns out a notable 565 hp and 467 lb-ft of torque in its standard configuration, with the higher-tier NISMO variants further elevating these figures.
Teamed with a 6-speed dual-clutch gearbox and a sophisticated all-wheel-drive setup, the GT-R can dash from 0 to 60 mph in a mere 2.9 seconds, showcasing its impressive acceleration and performance prowess.
The external aesthetic of the R35 GT-R mirrors its aggressive performance capabilities. Showcasing an aerodynamic profile with sharp contours and assertive design elements hinting at its high-octane nature. The front fascia boasts a daring grille flanked by sleek, angular headlights and large air vents that aid in cooling and enhance aerodynamics.
The broad stance and muscular wheel arches of the vehicle exude a commanding presence on the road, while the rear end is dominated by iconic quad circular taillights and a prominent rear spoiler, underscoring its track-ready credentials.
Internally, the cabin of the R35 GT-R is geared towards the driver, featuring a multifunctional display that offers real-time insights into the car’s performance metrics, inspired by Nissan’s racing technology. The seats are meticulously crafted to deliver comfort and bolstering during spirited driving, while premium materials and exquisite craftsmanship underscore the car’s opulent character.
Advanced amenities such as a premium Bose audio system, navigation, and connectivity features ensure that the GT-R delivers a contemporary and gratifying driving encounter.
Throughout its production span, the Nissan R35 GT-R encountered fierce rivalry from numerous high-performance contenders. Notable adversaries include the Porsche 911 Turbo, Audi R8, Chevrolet Corvette Z06, BMW M8, and Dodge Viper.
Despite the competitive landscape, the R35 GT-R stood out with its distinctive blend of cutting-edge technology, immense power, and precision engineering from Japan, endearing it to motoring enthusiasts and cementing its legacy as an automotive icon.
Modified Models (Yearly Overview)
Initial Debut and Formative Years (2007-2010)
2007 Nissan R35 GT-R
Marking 2007, Nissan unveiled the R35 GT-R equipped with a 3.8-liter twin-turbo V6 engine, known as the VR38DETT, boasting an impressive 480 hp and 430 lb-ft of torque.
The GT-R showcased a 6-speed dual-clutch transmission and the cutting-edge ATTESA E-TS all-wheel-drive system, delivering exceptional handling and performance. This fusion of power and tech set a fresh benchmark for high-performance sports cars.
The initial price for the 2007 Nissan GT-R hovered around $69,000.
2008-2009 Nissan R35 GT-R
In the period of 2008-2009, Nissan introduced minor enhancements to the suspension and electronics of the R35 GT-R, further refining its already remarkable performance and handling attributes. During this timeframe, Nissan rolled out the GT-R Spec V in 2009, a variant tailored for enthusiasts of track driving.
The Spec V, lighter and more track-centric, featured notable improvements in aerodynamics, such as an enlarged rear spoiler and carbon-ceramic brakes for amplified stopping capabilities. Additionally, the Spec V received a power bump, elevating the engine’s output to approximately 485 hp, solidifying its position as a formidable competitor on both streets and circuits.
The starting price for the 2008-2009 Nissan GT-R remained steady at about $69,000.
Midway Refreshes and Limited Editions (2011-2015)
2011 Nissan R35 GT-R
The year 2011 witnessed several notable updates to the Nissan GT-R, enhancing its performance and overall driving dynamics. The power output was elevated to an impressive 530 hp and 488 lb-ft of torque, delivering an even more exhilarating driving experience and cementing the GT-R’s status as a high-performance gem.
The 2011 iteration also boasted a reimaginedfrontage and diverse aerodynamic enhancements, which not only boosted the vehicle’s assertive look but also enhanced its effectiveness and steadiness at high velocities.
The initial cost of the 2011 Nissan R35 GT-R stood at $84,000.
2012 Nissan R35 GT-R
In the year 2012, the Nissan GT-R experienced another notable increase in power, escalating its performance to 545 hp and 463 lb-ft of torque, elevating its already impressive capabilities.
This period also saw adjustments to the suspension and engine, resulting not just in enhanced performance but also in improved efficiency and durability.
Furthermore, the year 2012 brought forth the debut of the GT-R Black Edition, a unique variant showcasing distinct wheels, a unique rear spoiler, and personalized interior details, such as red and black Recaro seats.
The introductory price for the 2012 Nissan GT-R was $89,000.
2013 Nissan R35 GT-R
In the year 2013, the Nissan GT-R continued to progress by incorporating further enhancements to its engine and transmission, enriching both its performance and driving efficiency. These enhancements aimed to deliver a smoother and more responsive driving sensation, ensuring the GT-R sustained its position as a high-performance automobile.
Furthermore, 2013 witnessed the release of the GT-R Track Edition, a specific variant tailored for track enthusiasts. The Track Edition boasted a firmer suspension, lighter wheels, and other performance enhancements, rendering it even more proficient on the racecourse.
The initial cost for the 2013 Nissan GT-R was $96,000.
2014 Nissan R35 GT-R
In the year 2014, the Nissan GT-R continued to develop with diverse enhancements, notwithstanding the power remaining constant at 545 hp. These improvements targeted ride comfort and interior excellence, transforming the GT-R into not solely a high-performance marvel but also a more sophisticated and pleasurable vehicle for everyday use. The cockpit witnessed upgrades in substances and finishes, contributing to a more lavish ambiance.
This period also marked the highly anticipated introduction of the GT-R NISMO, a high-performance variant that pushed the GT-R’s capabilities to new levels. The GT-R NISMO flaunted a noteworthy power surge, delivering an impressive 600 hp and 481 lb-ft of torque.
This elevation in power was accompanied by a more forceful aerodynamic arrangement, embodying larger front and rear spoilers, side skirts, and a rear diffuser, all crafted to ameliorate downforce and stability at high velocities.
Additionally, the NISMO variant featured a firmer suspension configuration, augmenting its handling and cornering abilities, and rendering it more appropriate for track performance. The amalgamation of these characteristics solidified the GT-R NISMO as the most adept and track-ready GT-R to date, solidifying its reputation as a serious performance automobile.
These enhancements not only elevated the automobile’s performance credentials but also guaranteed its sustenance as a spirited contender in the high-performance sports car domain.
The debut cost for the 2014 Nissan GT-R was $99,000 and the GT-R NISMO was $149,000.
2015 Nissan R35 GT-R
In 2015, the Nissan GT-R saw several minor updates aimed at enriching its overall driving sensation and interior comfort. The suspension system underwent refinements to heighten ride quality and handling traits, rendering the GT-R more comfortable for everyday driving while preserving its high-performance capabilities.
Within the cockpit, updates entailed novel substances and finishes, contributing to a more refined and lavish ambiance. Moreover, enhancements were made to the infotainment system, ensuring better connectivity and user experience for drivers and passengers. Nevertheless, GT-R NISMO retained its position as the zenith of the GT-R range.
The initial cost for the 2015 Nissan GT-R was $101,000 and the GT-R NISMO was $149,000.
Most Recent Updates and New Features (2016-Present)
2016 Nissan R35 GT-R
In 2016, the Nissan GT-R underwent an update that introduced both aesthetic and practical enhancements. The exterior acquired a fresh appeal with a new frontage, showcasing a larger V-motion grille for enhanced cooling, and a revamped rear end, encompassing a fresh bumper design and larger rear diffuser for better aerodynamics and stability at high velocities.
These alterations bestowed upon the GT-R a contemporary, assertive, and aerodynamic semblance.
Internally, the cockpit saw significant improvements targeted at enhancing comfort and technology. The prime addition was a fresh 8-inch touchscreen infotainment system, offering better connectivity, more user-friendly controls, and an overall enhanced user experience.
This system fused navigation, entertainment, and performance data, offering drivers all the necessary information at their disposal. Additionally, the internal substances and finishes were enhanced, contributing to a more lavish ambiance within the cockpit.
Despite these numerous updates, the powertrain remained unchanged, with the GT-R continuing to deliver an impressive 565 hp and 467 lb-ft of torque from its 3.8-liter twin-turbo V6 engine.
The initial cost for the 2016 Nissan GT-R remained consistent as the preceding year at $101,000.
2017 Nissan R35 GT-R
In 2017, the Nissan GT-R lineup observed the persistence of its admired variants: the GT-R Premium, Track Edition, and NISMO, each receiving minor updates to fine-tune their unique traits and elevate overall performance and allure.
The GT-R Premium functioned as the fundamental model, proposing a harmonious fusion of opulence and performance. It showcased sophisticated interior substances, inclusive of premium leather and gentle surfaces, combined with advanced technology like an upgraded infotainment system. The exterior retained its assertive styling with nuanced tweaks to enrich aerodynamics and cooling efficiency.
The GT-R Track Edition, tailored to aficionados seeking a more targeted driving sensation, integrated performance enhancements such as a firmer suspension setup, lighter wheels, and enhanced brake components. These modifications guaranteed superior handling with enhanced.and swiftness on the racetrack, rendering it an ideal option for those actively involved in high-octane driving experiences.
The flagship GT-R NISMO retained its position at the top of the range, showcasing a 600 hp powerplant and 481 lb-ft of torque, courtesy of its finely tuned 3.8-liter twin-turbo V6 engine. The NISMO variant stood out with its assertive aerodynamic kit, which included a prominent rear wing, carbon fiber elements, and a more pronounced front splitter.
The suspension was further bolstered to deliver exceptional control and nimbleness, catering to enthusiasts who desired the utmost in on-track performance.
Furthermore, 2017 saw the introduction of a new “Blaze Metallic” paint option, offering a dazzling and vibrant color selection that accentuated the GT-R’s robust contours and muscular posture. This fresh paint choice brought a contemporary and stylish touch to the already attention-grabbing design, enabling buyers to further personalize their GT-R.
The initial price for the 2017 Nissan GT-R Premium was $109,000, GT-R Track Edition was $127,000, and GT-R NISMO was $174,000.
2018 Nissan R35 GT-R
In 2018, the Nissan GT-R underwent further enhancements aimed at advancing ride comfort and interior luxury. The ride quality was refined to offer a more seamless experience, while the cabin received upgrades in materials and design, creating a more deluxe and cozy ambiance for both occupants.
Moreover, 2018 heralded the debut of the GT-R Pure trim, an entry-level variant crafted to broaden the GT-R’s appeal to a wider audience. The GT-R Pure trim preserved the core performance characteristics that defined the GT-R, including the potent twin-turbo V6 engine and sophisticated all-wheel-drive system.
However, it was presented at a more economical price point, enabling more enthusiasts to revel in the thrill of piloting a GT-R.
The starting price for the 2018 Nissan GT-R Pure was $99,000, GT-R Premium was $110,000, and GT-R NISMO was $175,000.
2019 Nissan R35 GT-R
In 2019, Nissan introduced the 50th Anniversary Edition of the GT-R, a distinctive model designed to commemorate the iconic sports car’s rich legacy and five decades of performance excellence. This special edition boasted unique color schemes, featuring classic racing liveries such as the Bayside Blue with white racing stripes, reminiscent of the GT-R’s legendary motorsport history.
The exterior was further enhanced with special badging and subtle design cues that paid tribute to the GT-R’s heritage.
Internally, the 50th Anniversary Edition received distinct interior accents that underscored its exclusive status. Special trims, custom stitching, and premium materials were employed to set this GT-R apart with a nod to its illustrious past.
The starting price for the 2019 Nissan GT-R Pure remained unchanged from the previous year at $99,000, GT-R Premium was $110,000, GT-R 50th Anniversary was $123,000, and the GT-R NISMO was $175,000.
2020-2021 Nissan R35 GT-R
In 2020-2021, the Nissan GT-R continued its evolution with a slew of updates focused on enhancing performance, luxury, and tech features. Improvements included tweaks to the engine and suspension systems, further elevating the car’s responsiveness and ride quality, along with the incorporation of the latest tech amenities to enrich connectivity and convenience for occupants.
Furthermore, the GT-R Pure was no longer part of the lineup. The initial price for the 2020-2021 Nissan GT-R was $113,000, and GT-R NISMO was $210,000.
2022-2023 Nissan R35 GT-R
Between 2022 and 2023, Nissan fostered innovation by unveiling special editions of the GT-R, such as the T-Spec. This variant distinguished itself with unique color choices, embracing the nostalgic Millennium Jade and Midnight Purple, paying homage to classic GT-R models. The T-Spec also boasted upgraded components that heightened both its exclusivity and visual allure.
The T-Spec edition incorporated an array of performance and visual enhancements. It featured wider front fenders, carbon-ceramic brakes, and a specially tuned suspension for improved handling and ride comfort. The wheels exclusive to the T-Spec sported a distinctive design that enhanced its unique appearance. Inside, the T-Spec showcased bespoke badging, special interior trims, and premium materials that elevated the cabin’s opulent vibe.
The starting price for the 2022-2023 Nissan R35 GT-R was $113,000, GT-R T-Spec edition was $138,000, and GT-R NISMO was consistent with the previous year at $210,000.
2024 Nissan R35 GT-R
For the current year, Nissan rolled out special editions of the GT-R, including the T-Spec, showcasing distinctive color options like Millennium Jade and Midnight Purple. These editions also boasted upgraded components such as broader front fenders, carbon-ceramic brakes, and a specially tuned suspension for improved handling and performance. The interior of the T-Spec saw enhancements with bespoke badging, special trims, and high-quality materials.
The initial price for the 2024 Nissan GT-R Premium was $121,000, GT-R T-Spec was $141,000, and GT-R NISMO was $221,000.
However, it is crucial to mention that the R35 Nissan GT-R will be phased out as of October 2024. This signals the end of a legendary era for this iconic model, concluding a significant chapter in Nissan’s performance car legacy.
Nissan R35 GT-R Common Problems
The Nissan R35 GT-R is lauded for its performance and cutting-edge tech in the sports car segment. Nonetheless, akin to any high-performance vehicle, it encounters typical issues that prospective buyers and current owners should take into consideration.
Performing a Pre-Purchase Inspection (PPI) is vital from an accredited dealer or a skilled independent mechanic to detect any potential issues before purchasing your car. This crucial step ensures full awareness of the car’s condition, preventing unexpected repair expenses later.
Listed below are some common problems reported by Nissan R35 GT-R owners:
Transmission Concerns
The transmission of the R35 GT-R, notably the GR6 dual-clutch system, has faced numerous challenges:
Pressure Sensor Malfunctions: Often leading to the car entering limp mode, these malfunctions frequently necessitate sensor replacements, which may not always be readily available, resulting in intricate and costly repairs.
Synchro Dog Issues: This problem entails damage to the gearbox’s delicate teeth, which is difficult to detect and requires disassembly for accurate diagnosis and resolution.
Regular Wear and Tear: Consistent use of launch control and aggressive driving can accelerate the wear of transmission components, demanding more frequent upkeep and potential replacements.
Motor Challenges
The robust VR38DETT engine in the GT-R is sturdy but not flawless:
Bearing Complications: Problems with engine bearings can generate a rattling sound and may lead to more severe harm if unaddressed, typically stemming from manufacturing flaws.
Piston Pin Jamming: Another issue involves the piston pin becoming lodged in the connecting rod, ultimately resulting in engine failure if left uncorrected.
Electrical and Display Dilemmas
Headlight Condensation: Many GT-R owners mention problems with condensation forming inside the headlights, potentially hindering visibility and necessitating headlight unit replacements to resolve.
Instrument Panel and Display Troubles: Issues with the Multi-Function Display (MFD) screen and dashboard lighting failures have also been observed, sometimes requiring complete unit replacements for resolution.
Steering Lock Module
Steering Lock Failures: This issue can prevent the car from starting and might demand costly repairs or replacements. Nevertheless, some of these issues have been addressed through recalls by Nissan.
These challenges underscore the necessity of routine maintenance and understanding the specific idiosyncrasies of the GT-R to guarantee a dependable and enjoyable ownership encounter. For additional insights on common concerns and maintenance recommendations, consider visiting platforms like GTRLife or in-depth articles on automotive service sites.
Recalls
2021 Nissan GT-R vehicles
Steering: Linkages: Knuckle: Spindle: Arm (Recall no. 21V402000)
The front steering knuckle or rear axle housing might lack sufficient strength due to improper heat treatment. Impact, such as hitting a curb, could cause the steering knuckle or rear axle to deform, leading to loss of steering control or potential wheel separation. Both circumstances elevate the risk of an accident.
2019 Nissan GT-R
Back over prevention: sensing system: camera (Recall no. 19V654000)
Adjusting the back-up camera and display settings improperly could render the rear view image invisible, retaining this setting for subsequent reverse actions. Consequently, these cars fail to meet Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 111, “Rear Visibility.” The absence of a rear image in the back-up camera display elevates the accident risk. Maintenance and Ownership Costs
The Nissan R35 GT-R emphasizes high performance over reliability, yet it shines with outstanding performance and relatively manageable maintenance requirements compared to other high-performance sports cars.
Nonetheless, remember that regular maintenance and repairs remain essential. The expenses for these services can fluctuate significantly, based on whether you opt for dealer or independent mechanic services.
8,000 KMS OR 6 MONTH INTERVALS
- Replace engine oil and filter
- Rotate tires
- Check and adjust tire pressures
- Inspect the following:
- Axle & suspension parts
- Brake pads, rotors, drums and linings
- Drive shaft boots
- Exhaust system
- Front suspension ball joints
- Propeller shaft
- Steering gear and linkage
- Steering linkage ball joints
16,000 KMS OR 12 MONTH INTERVALS
- Replace engine oil and filter
- Rotate tires
- Check and adjust tire pressures
- Inspect the following:
- Automatic transmission
- Axle & suspension parts
- Brake lines & cables
- Brake pads, rotors, drums and linings
- Differential oil
- Drive shaft boots
- Exhaust system
- Front suspension ball joints
- Propeller shaft
- Steering gear and linkage
- Steering linkage ball joints
- Transfer case oil
24,000 KMS OR 18 MONTH INTERVALS
- Replace engine oil and filter
- Replace in-cabin microfilter
- Replace I-Key battery
- Rotate tires
- Check and adjust tire pressures
Here is a rough estimate of typical service costs associated with the Nissan R35 GT-R:
Oil Change – An oil change for the Nissan R35 GT-R can cost approximately $200 when completed by independent mechanics. However, if you opt for this service at a dealership, the cost might differ.may reach up to $400 owing to the specialized attention and branded components utilized.
Basic Maintenance – An regular service for the GT-R usually covers an oil change, replacement of cabin air filter, and engine filter. If availed at a dealership, this package generally comes at approximately $1,000. This maintenance is vital for upholding the vehicle’s efficiency and ensuring durability.
Comprehensive Maintenance – The comprehensive maintenance for the Nissan R35 GT-R entails everything from the basic maintenance package along with additional services like changing spark plugs, flushing brake fluid, and transmission fluid. The cost for comprehensive maintenance at a dealership typically stands around $2,500, reflecting the substantial effort and time involved.
Wheel Replacements – Swapping a set of high-performance tires on the GT-R, such as the Michelin Pilot Sport 4S, usually carries a price tag of about $1,800. This cost covers the tires themselves as well as the labor needed for fitting and balancing, ensuring optimal performance and safety.
Braking System – The braking system of the GT-R, particularly steel brakes, will wear down over time and necessitate replacement. The expense of replacing steel brake rotors and pads can fluctuate, typically ranging from $1,200 to $1,800 for a complete set of rotors and pads when serviced at a dealership. Independent mechanics might propose more economical rates. Furthermore, aftermarket brake pads that align with the original equipment (OE) specifications can cost around $800 for a full set, offering a more budget-friendly alternative.
Customization Options
The Nissan R35 GT-R provides an extensive selection of choices for personalization, enabling owners to customize their cars according to their preferences. For the exterior, buyers have the option to select from a range of paint colors, including vivid and metallic finishes.
Several alloy wheel designs are available, with sizes varying from 20-inch to 21-inch, and exterior packages like the Black Edition incorporate distinctive styling features and lightweight wheels from RAYS.
Internally, the GT-R offers numerous options for upholstery, including premium leather and artificial suede in various shades. Choices for interior trim encompass carbon fiber and aluminum accents. Seating choices range from standard sports seats to upgraded Recaro seats with heating functionalities. Customizable ambient lighting is also on hand to enhance the cabin ambience.
Further technological and convenience features in the GT-R consist of an 8-inch touchscreen infotainment system featuring navigation, Apple CarPlay, and Android Auto integration. The standard audio system comprises an 11-speaker Bose setup, with optional enhancements available. Driver assistance features consist of a rearview camera and parking sensors, with advanced safety packages as add-on choices.
Comfort features like dual-zone automatic climate control, a heated steering wheel, and customizable interior accents enhance the driving experience.
In terms of performance and handling, the GT-R provides adaptable suspension systems, incorporating Bilstein DampTronic Select shock absorbers. High-performance braking alternatives entail both standard and carbon-ceramic brake packages. Various tuning choices for enhanced performance are accessible, comprising of both factory and aftermarket upgrades.
Exclusive editions like the GT-R NISMO furnish specific enhancements in performance and design, incorporating a NISMO-tuned suspension and high-performance Brembo carbon-ceramic brakes.
Aerodynamic improvements also play a significant role.carbon-fiber front and rear bumpers, side sills, and an oversized rear spoiler. Within, the NISMO presents Recaro leather-appointed seats featuring Alcantara inserts, NISMO-specific red stitching, and a distinct NISMO tachometer.
2021 Nissan R35 GT-R Choices Inventory
2024 Nissan R35 GT-R Choices Inventory
Main Options
- NISMO Bundle
- 20″ RAYS forged alloy wheels
- Dual-clutch transmission
- NissanConnect with Navigation and Mobile Applications
- Bilstein DampTronic suspension
Nissan R35 GT-R Cost and Worth
The Optimal Nissan R35 GT-R to Purchase
When considering the acquisition of a Nissan R35 GT-R, various aspects can impact the vehicle’s long-term worth and general allure. These standards can be classified into a few essential categories.
For the top-value GT-R model, the GT-R NISMO stands out. It arrives with upgraded performance attributes, unique styling components, and state-of-the-art technology choices that differentiate it from the standard editions. The GT-R NISMO includes a more potent engine, NISMO-tuned suspension, and carbon-ceramic brakes, providing an exceptional driving experience.
Some may favor the GT-R Premium for its blend of opulence and performance, yet for those aiming to make a statement, the GT-R NISMO’s distinct features and increased power are unparalleled. Additionally, the NISMO incorporates various exclusive selections such as carbon-fiber body parts and Recaro seats with Alcantara inserts, elevating the vehicle’s allure and distinctiveness.
Nevertheless, all GT-R editions, comprising the prior models, remain robust investments solely because they embody Nissan’s dedication to performance and pioneering. The GT-R’s fusion of a puissant twin-turbo V6 motor, advanced all-wheel-drive mechanism, and cutting-edge technology renders it a dependable option for any performance car enthusiast.
For market stability, opt for GT-Rs from the model years 2009 to 2016.
Aside from model selection, the state and mileage of the vehicle are also critical considerations when procuring a GT-R. Vehicles that have been properly serviced and possess low mileage are more inclined to hold their value in the long haul. Conducting comprehensive research, comparing prices, and tracking down well-kept cars is vital if one is contemplating purchasing a GT-R to preserve or enhance its worth.
Therefore, it is imperative to assess your requirements, inclinations, and financial plan when picking a GT-R.
Wrap-up
To sum up, commencing at approximately $50k to $75k and beyond, the Nissan R35 GT-R is a captivating choice for those on the lookout for a high-performance sports vehicle.
While alternatives like the Porsche 911 Turbo, Audi R8, Chevrolet Corvette Z06, BMW M8, and Dodge Viper exist, the GT-R distinguishes itself through its sophisticated all-wheel-drive system, exceptional driving dynamics, and state-of-the-art facets.
For enthusiasts seeking a fusion of Japanese engineering excellence and high-performance driving, the Nissan R35 GT-R is a superb match.
Car Hacking Tricks
- Desirability of NISMO edition
- The model years of 2009 to 2016 offer excellent hacks
- Carbon fiber bundles
- Specification matters: Seek out unique colors and trim options that can elevate the car’s appeal and resale value
- Scout for well-kept, low-mileage GT-Rs
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